Options and Derivatives Chapter Essay Example

Options and Derivatives Chapter Paper A trader is hedging when she has an exposure to the price of an asset and takes position in a derivative to offset the exposure. In a speculation the trader has no exposure to offset. She is betting on the future movements in the price of the asset. Arbitrage involves taking a position in two or more different markets to lock in a profit. Problem 1,3, What is the difference between entering into a long forward contract when the forward price is SO and taking a long position in a call option with a strike price of $50? In the first case the trader is obligated to buy the asset for $50. The trader does not have a choice. ) In the second case the trader has an option to buy the asset for $50. The trader does not have to exercise the option. ) Problem 1. 4. Explain carefully the difference between selling a call option and buying a put option. Selling a call option implies giving someone else the right to buy an asset from you. It gives you a payoff of Buying a put option involves buying an option from someone else. It gives a payoff of In both cases the potential payoff is. When you write a call option, the payoff is negative or zero. This is because the counterparts chooses Whether to exercise. ) When you buy a put option, the payoff is zero or positive. (This is because you choose Whether to exercise. Problem 1. 5. An investor enters into a short foamed contract to sell 100,000 British pounds for LIST dollars at an exchange rate of 1. 4000 US dollars per pound. How much does the investor gain or lose if the exchange rate at the end of the contract is (a) 1. 3900 and (b) 1. 4200? (a) The investor is obligated to sell pounds for 14000 when they are worth 1. 3900. The gain is (1. 4000-1. 3900) $1,000. B) The investor is obligated to sell pounds for 14000 when they are worth 1. 4200. The loss is $2,000 Problem 1,6, A trader enters into a short cotton futures contract when the futures price is 50 cents per pound. The contract is for the delivery of 50,000 pounds Ho w much does the trader gain or lose if the cotton price at the end of the contract is (a) 4820 cents per pound; (b) 51. 30 cents per pound? (a) The trader sells for 50 cents per pound something that is worth 48. 20 cents per pound. Gain (b) The trader sells for 50 cents per pound something that is worth 51. 30 cents per pound. Loss . Problem 1. 7, Suppose that you write a put contract with a strike price of $40 and an expiration date in three months, The current stock price is SIS and the contract is on 100 shares. What have you committed yourself to? How much could you gain or lose? Vow have sold a put option. You have agreed to buy ICC shares for $40 per share if the part/ on the other side of the contract chooses to exercise the right to sell for this price, The option will be exercised only when the price of stock is below $40. Suppose, for example, that the option is exercised when the price is $30. We will write a custom essay sample on Options and Derivatives Chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Options and Derivatives Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Options and Derivatives Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You have to buy at $40 shares that are worth $30; you lose 510 per share, or $1 ,OHO in total. Fifth option is exercised when the price is 520, you lose 520 per share, or $2,000 in total. The worst that can happen is that the price of the stock declines o almost zero during the three-month period. This highly unlikely event would cost you $4,000. In return for the possible future losses, you receive the price of the option from the purchaser. Problem 1. 8. What is the difference between the over-the-counter market and the exchange- traded market? What are the bid and Offer quotes Of a market maker in the over- the-counter market? The over-the-counter market is a telephone- and computer-linked network of financial institutions, fund managers, and corporate treasurers where two participants can enter into any mutually acceptable contract. An exchange- rated market is a market organized by an exchange where traders either meet physically or community electronically and the contracts that can be traded have been defined by the exchange. When a market maker quotes a bid and an offer, the bid is the price at which the market maker is prepared to buy and the offer is the price at which the market maker is prepared to sell. Problem 1. 9. You would like to speculate on a rise in the price off certain stock. The current stock price is $29, and a three-month call with a strike of $30 costs $2. 90. You have $5,800 to invest. Identify two alternative strategies, one involving an investment in the stock and the other involving investment in the option. What are the potential gains and losses from each? One strategy would be to buy 200 shares. Another would be to buy 2,000 options. Fifth share price does well the second strategy will give rise to greater gains. For example, if the share price goes up to $40 you gain from the second strategy and only from the first strategy. However, if the share price does badly, the second sweater gives greater losses. For example, fifth share price goes down to 525, the first strategy leads to a loss of whereas the second strategy leads to a loss of the whole $5,800 investment. This example shows that options contain built in leverage. Problem l, 10. Suppose you own 5,000 shares that are worth $25 each. How can put options be used to provide you with insurance against a decline in the value of your holding over the next four months? You could buy 50 put option contracts (each on 100 shares) with a strike price of 525 and an expiration date in four months. If at the end of four months the stock price proves to be less than $25, you can exercise the options and sell the shares for $25 each. Problem 1. 11 _ When first issued, a stock provides funds for a company. Is the same true of an exchange-traded stock option? Discuss. An exchange-traded stock option provides no funds for the company. It is a security sold by one investor to another. The company is not involved. By contrast, a stock when it is first issued is sold by the company to investors and does provide funds for the company. Problem 1. 12. Explain why a futures contract can be used for either speculation or hedging. If an investor has an exposure to the price of an asset, he or she can hedge with futures contracts. If the investor will gain when the price decreases and lose when the price increases, a long futures position will hedge the risk. If the investor will lose when the price decreases and gain when the price increases, a short futures position will hedge the risk. Thus either a long or a short futures position can be entered into for hedging purposes, If the investor has no exposure to the price of the underlying asset, entering into a futures contract is speculation, If the investor takes a long position, he or she gains when the assets price increases and loses when it decreases. Fifth investor takes a short position, he or she loses venue the assets price increases and gains when it decreases. Problem 1. 13_ Suppose that a March call option to buy a share for $50 costs $2. 50 and is held until March. Under What circumstances Will the holder Of the option make a profit? Ender what circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram showing how the profit on a long position in the option depends on the stock price at the maturity of the option. The holder of the option will gain if the price of the stock is above SIS. 50 in March. (This ignores the time value of money. ) The option will be exercised if the price of the stock is above S IS. O in March. The profit as a function of the stock rice is shown in Figure SSL. L. Figure SSL. L Profit from long position in problem I . 13 Problem 1. 14_ Suppose that a June put option to sell a share for $60 costs $4 and is held until June. Under what circumstances will the seller of the option (i. A, the party with a short position) make a profit? Underwear circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram showing how the profit from a short position in the option depends on the stock price at the maturity of the option. The seller of the option will lose money if the price of the stock is below $56. 00 in June. (This ignores the time value Of money. The option Will be exercised if the price of the stock is below $60. 00 in June. The profit as a function of the stock price is shown in Figure IS . 2- Figure SSL. Profit from short position in Problem 1. 14 Problem 1. 15. It is May and a trader writes a September call option with a strike price of 520. The stock price is $18, and the option price is $2. Describe the investors cash flows if the option is held until September and the stock price is SIS at this time. The trader has an inflow of $2 in May and an outflow of in September _ The 52 is the cash received f rom the sale of the option. The $5 is the result of the option being exercised. The investor has to buy the stock for $25 in September and sell it to the purchaser of the option for $20. Problem 1. 16. A trader writes a December put option With a strike price Of 530. The price Of the option is $4. Under what circumstances does the trader make a gain? The trader makes a gain fifth price of the stock is above $26 at the time of exercise. (This ignores the time value of money. ) Problem 1. 17. A company knows that it is due to receive a certain amount of a foreign currency in four months. What type of option contract is appropriate for hedging? A long position in a tour-month put option can provide insurance against the exchange rate falling below the strike price. It ensures that the foreign currency can be sold tort at least the strike price. Problem 1. 18. A IIS company expects to have to pay I million Canadian dollars in six months, Explain how the exchange rate risk can be hedged using (a) a poniard contract; (b) an option. The company could enter into a long forward contract to buy I million Canadian dollars in six months. This would have the effect of locking in an exchange rate equal to the current forward exchange rate Alternatively the company could ay a call option giving it the right (but not the obligation) to purchase 1 million Canadian dollars at a certain exchange rate in six months. This would provide insurance against a strong Canadian dollar in six months while still allowing the company to benefit from a weak Canadian dollar at that time. Problem 1. 19. A trader enters into a short forward contract on 100 million yen. The foamed exchange rate is 50. 0080 per yen. How much does the trader gain or lose if the exchange rate at the end of the contract is (a) $0. 0074 per yen; (b) $0. 0091 per yen? A) The trader sells 100 million yen for $0. 0080 per yen when the exchange rate is 0,0074 per yen. The gain is millions of dollars or $60,000, b) The trader sells 100 million yen for 50. 080 per yen when the exchange rate is $0. 0091 per yen. The loss is millions of dollars or SSL problem 1,20. The Chicago Board of Trade offers a futures contract on long-term Treasury bonds. Characterize the investors likely to use this contract. Most investors will use the contract because they want to do one of the following: a) Hedge an exposure to long-term interest rates. B) Specul ate on the future direction of long-term interest rates. C) Arbitrage between the spot and futures markets for Treasury bonds. This contract is discussed in Chapter 6. Problem 1. 21. Options and futures are zero-sum games. What do you think is meant by this statement? The statement means that the gain (loss) to the party with the short position is equal to the loss (gain) to the party with the long position. In aggregate, the net gain to all parties is zero. Problem 1. 22. Describe the profit from the following portfolio: a long forward contract on an asset and a long European put option on the asset with the same maturity as the forward contract and a strike price that is equal to the forward price of the asset t the time the portfolio is set up. The terminal value of the long forward contract is: where is the price of the asset at maturity and is the delivery price, which is the same as the forward price of the asset at the time the portfolio is set up). The terminal value of the put option is: The terminal value of the portfolio is therefore This is the same as the terminal value Of a European call option With the same maturity as the forward contract and a strike price equal to. This result is illustrated in the Figure IS 3. The profit equals the terminal value Of the call option less the amount paid for the put option. It does not cost anything to enter into the forward contract. Figure 51. 3 Profit from portfolio in Problem 1. 22 Problem 1,23. In the sass, Bankers Trust developed index currency option notes (ICONS). These are bonds in which the amount received by the holder at maturity varies with a foreign exchange rate. One example was its trade with the Long Term Credit Bank of Japan, The ICON specified that if the yen-U. S. Dollar exchange rate, is greater than 169 yen per dollar at maturity (in 1395), the holder of the bond receives IS,COO, If it is less than 169 yen per dollar, the amount received by the holder of the bond is When the exchange rate is below 84. 5, nothing is received by the holder at maturity. Show that this ICON is a combination Of a regular bond and two options. Suppose that the yen exchange rate (yen per dollar) at maturity of the ICON is. The payoff from the ICON is When the payoff can be written The payoff from an ICON is the payoff from: (a) A regular bond (b) A short position in call options to buy 169,000 yen with an exercise price to 1/169 (c) A long position in call options to buy 169,000 yen with an exercise price of 1/84. 5 This is demonstrated by the following table, which shows the terminal alee of the various components of the position Bond Short Calls Long Calls Whole position 1000 Problem 1. 4. On July I , 201 1, a company enters into a forward contract to buy 10 million Japanese yen on January 1, 2012. On September 1, 201 1, it enters into a forward contract to sell 10 million Japanese yen on January I, 2012. Describe the payoff from this strategy. Suppose that the forward price for the contract entered into on July 1, 2011 is and that the forward price f or the contract entered into on September I, 2011 is with both and being measured as dollars per yen. Fifth value of one Japanese en (measured in LIST dollars) is on January I , 2012, then the value Of the first contract (in millions of dollars) at that time is while the value of the second contract (per yen sold) at that time is: The total payoff from the two contracts is therefore Thus fifth forward price for delivery on January 1, 2012 increased between July 1 , 201 1 and September 1, 201 1 the company will make a profit. (Note that the yen/ USED exchange rate is usually expressed as the number of yen per USED not as the number to USED per yen) Problem 1. 25. Suppose that USED-sterling spot and forward exchange rates are as follows: Spot 1 _SASS go-day forward 1. 4556 I go-day forward 1. 4518 What opportunities are open to an arbitrageur in the following situations? (a) A 180-day European call option to buy II for $1. 42 costs 2 cents. (b) A go-day European put option to sell El for $1. 43 costs 2 cents. (a) The arbitrageur buys a 180-day call option and takes a short position in a 180- day forward contract. If is the terminal spot rate, the profit from the call option The profit from the short forward contract is The profit from the strategy is therefore This is 1. 4318-SST when SST 1. 42 This shows that the profit is always positive. x

Supply and Demand

Supply and Demand Introduction Demand and supply is possibly one of the major economic concepts and the backbone of free market economy. Demand is the quantity of services or products needed by consumers (Mankiw, 2012). The amount of products desired at a particular price is referred as quantity demanded; the relationship between quantity demanded and price is referred as demand relationship (Mankiw, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand supply is what the market can provide and quantity supplied by firms is the quantity of particular product manufacturers are ready to supply at a particular price. The connection between quantity supplied and price is referred as supply relationship; thus, price is the expression of demand and supply, which underlies the forces impacting on the distribution of resources (Mankiw, 2012). Demand and supply The demand law sta tes that â€Å"if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that product† (Mankiw, 2012). To be precise, higher price attracts less demand because as the price of the product increases, the opportunity cost increases as well. Thus individuals will not acquire goods that will compel them to decline the utilization of anything else that is of significance to them (Netmba.com, 2010). For instance, if the price of oil increases consumers will look for substitutes such as bicycles or bus instead of using their private vehicles to place of work. Therefore, the demand for the cars will reduce and the demand curve will shift from D1 to D2 reducing the quantity demanded to Q2 as shown on the graph below. Graph 1 Source: Netmba.com, 2010. The shift in demand can also be caused by change in income, for instance if income increases consumers buy less of inferior good and the demand curve for this goods will shift from D1 to D2. While, if the price of the oil reduces consumers will be induced to purchase more (Q3) cars for instance, this implies that the demand curve will shift from D1 to D3. In the same way if the consumers’ income decreases the consumers will consume more of the inferior r products thus shifting the demand curve from D1 to D3 as shown above.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, similar to demand law the supply law shows the amount of products that can be put up for sale at a specific price but unlike demand law, supply relationship indicates a positive slope. Therefore, the supplier supplies more products at a high price because trading more products that are priced highly normally raises income (Mankiw, 2012). Consider the increase in price of drilling and refining the oil, this makes the suppliers to reduce the amount produced and supplied (Q2), thus th e supply curve will shift from S1 to S2. While if the production cost or price reduces the oil producer will produce and supply more oil (Q3) to the market therefore, the supply curve will shift from S1 to S3 as shown below. Source: Mankiw, 2012. In conclusion, supply and demand relationship tries to describe macroeconomic variables like price levels and amount of quantity in the economy. It also indicates how various variables like substitute goods, compliments goods, income, consumers’ preferences, advancement in technology and sector growth among others affects the demand and supply of a particular product in the market. References Mankiw, N.G. (2012). Principles of macroeconomics. (6th.). Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Netmba.com. (2010). Supply and demand. Retrieved from netmba.com/econ/micro/supply-demand/Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Birth Control Essay Example for Free (#2)

Birth Control Essay Birth control is a way or method used to prevent pregnancy. There are different kinds of methods of birth control that can be used by man and woman. All of these methods have positive effects or sides. The pros of birth control are the following: (1) lessen the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (2) it is helpful in preventing pregnancy, but the degree of the effectiveness of the birth control method depends on the type of method that is being used by the couple (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (3) allows active participation of men in the prevention of pregnancy (when using condom or withdrawal method) (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (4) it helps regulate the menstrual cycle of a woman; (5) it lessens the pain and difficulty of having a menstruation (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (6) prevents or lessen the possibility of having uterine and ovarian cancer, anemia, ovarian cyst and pelvic inflammatory disease (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"). There are also some other pros of birth control method but it depends on the method that the couple is using (â€Å"Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices†). There are many types of birth control. The following are the types of birth control that is being used: (a) male condoms which are also called as barrier because it blocks the sperm cells from getting near or into the egg cells; (b) oral contraceptives or birth control pills prevent the ovary from releasing eggs; (c) female condom is also called as a barrier because it prevents or blocks the sperm cells from reaching the egg cells; (d) Depo-Provera hormonal injections is a type of birth control that uses hormone progestin. Continuous injection of this for more than two years has an adverse effect on woman; (e) spermicides; (f) contraceptive sponges is also a barrier type of birth control. Although using this type of birth control would still have a risk of having a toxic syndrome. Woman that are very sensitive to spermicide nonoxynol-9 are not encourage to use this type of method; (g) diaphragm and cervical caps also blocks the sperm cells going inside the cervix. This type of method needs the assistance of the doctor for proper usage and fitting of the cervical cap or diaphragm; (h) intra – uterine devices is used and placed inside the uterus to prevent the sperm cells from entering it and reaching the egg cells; (i) surgical sterilization or tubal ligation is a permanent birth control that needs a surgical process; (j) periodic abstinence or natural family planning. In this type of birth control, the woman should have the knowledge about the fertility process so that this method would be successful (â€Å"Birth Control Methods â€Å"). There are some mild health risks related to the use of birth control methods. But there is also one severe health risk when using birth control method such as pills for a longer period of time like cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, cardiovascular accident or stroke, high blood pressure and other cardio related diseases (â€Å"Birth Control Methods†). Both man and woman are responsible in birth control planning. They have an active participation in the birth control method. Although their physician would prescribe a pill or appropriate birth control method, still the couple would be responsible to the possible outcome of that method. They are the one who can observe to the negative or positive effect of that particular method. When a serious or life threatening situation or death happens, the couple is more reliable than their physician. In choosing birth control method, couples or person that is going to use it must consider if (1) it will affect your health like if they have history of breast cancer, have high blood pressure, has low density of the bone, diabetes, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and heart disease; (2) those possible side effects of the method; (3) frequency of having sexual intercourse; (4) the benefits that the method can give; (5) the quality of that certain drug or method in birth control; and (6) the possible outcome if ever the couple decided to have a child (â€Å"Birth Control Guide†). Shop Lifting Shop lifting is very common especially on malls and convenient stores. People shop lift because they need that particular thing or that they can’t afford to buy the things they wanted to (â€Å"Teenagers Shop Lifting†). Some shop lifters that has the money to buy things thinks that shop lifting gives them the adrenalin rush or thrill that cannot be caught, they think that what they have stolen is not important and they also think that they are not stealing because the owner or the store can afford to buy that again or the store is insured (â€Å"Teenagers Shop Lifting†). In some cases, people shop lifts especially students because of peer pressure. Shop lifters always carry a small bag or large jacket with a large pocket or umbrella (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). Those things can be use to shop lift. Store management or staff should also be aware and alarm when a person puts down their bag because they may place the thing they get simply by dropping it into the bag (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). There are also times that shop lifters are into a group (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). Some of them will distract the attention of the staff while the others do the crime. Shop lifters can be seen mostly in malls that are crowded and convenient stores. The similarities of these two places are that they have a big space and do not have enough staff that would assist and guard the clients or buyers. Those shop lifters know that in places were there’s enough employee to assist and guard them, they won’t be able to the deed because there’s a big chance of getting caught while in malls and convenient store, they can easily place the things they get and hide it in their bags or clothes without being notice by the employees. Shop lifting is a crime that can be categorize as light. In some states, the fine depends on the amount that the shop lifter stolen while the jail time depends on the repetition of the incident (Zukowski). The penalty or fine ranges from 40 to 1000 dollars and the jail time is only 30 days up to 6 months (Zukowski). The society and justice system give the offenders a second chance to correct their action. If they are going to repeat their action, they will be punished again with a higher penalty and possible longer jail time. Compiling an Annotated Bibliography ? â€Å"Birth Control Guide† Ed. US Department of Health and Human Services: FDA Consumer Magazine, 2003. This article focuses on different approved birth control methods. It also provides information about the different types of birth control method and also the severe health risk that may be obtain from the prolonged use of contraceptive pills. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods†. 2005. Planned Parenthood of Connecticut. June 27 2007. http://www. ppct. org/medical/services/bc_method. shtml. This article talks about different birth control methods. It also provides knowledge about pros and cons of different types of birth control method especially tubal sterilization. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods† Ed. Us Department of Health and Human Services: National Women’s Health Information Center, 2005. This article provides birth control methods that can be use. It also provides knowledge on what they should take into consider when choosing a birth control method. ? â€Å"Teenage Shop Lifting†. 2006. Indian child. com June 26 2007. http://www. indianchild. com/parenting/teenagers/teenagers_shop_lifting. htm. The article provides the reasons why teenagers try to steal and ways to handle and persuade them. ? â€Å"Birth Control†. 2007. Cool Nurse. June 25 2007. http://www. coolnurse. com/birthcontrol. htm. The article tackles about having safe sex with the use of birth control methods. This provides idea or knowledge about the effectives of each method and the reasons why it is not recommended for teenagers. ? â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting. † Namibian Police 2007. The Namibian Police Force carries out their duty by informing the public of the different crimes and ways how to handle that situation. They encourage the public to have an active participation in fighting the crime to maintain the peace and order in their place. ? â€Å"Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices†. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. June 25 2007. . The staff focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of taking contraceptive pills. The staff also discusses other contributing factors that make birth control pills unsafe to use than any other birth control methods. Birth Control. (2016, Aug 09). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Caring for chronic illness in the rural setting Essay

Caring for chronic illness in the rural setting - Essay Example They also lack knowledge and training about the caring regimen needed for the family members suffering from chronic disease (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, it is extremely important for health care professionals to design the services which are not only easily accessible to people living in rural areas but also help them in being capable of providing proper care to their family members suffering from chronic conditions. The Obstacles A study by ‘The Dartmouth Atlas Project’ (2006) has found that the chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease and cancer have affected the health of more than 90 million people in the US (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.191). Shapiro (2002) has found that the chronic condition is prevalent in more than one third of young adults aged between 18 to 44 years (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.191). A study by AHRQ (2002) has revealed that more than 75% of elder population is suffering from either one or more chronic conditions (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.192). T hese studies show how serious is the issue of prevalence of chronic conditions in the US population. It is evident that chronic condition is not limited to a particular age group but is affecting people from every age group. Hence, health care by family members is going to play a vital role in controlling the increase of the chronic diseases in people. However, families from rural setting are facing many obstacles in getting the access to health care services. Inadequate Health insurance Inadequate health insurance has proved to be one of the major problems in accessing proper health care services. A study by Lottero et al. (2007) found that even after having a long term relationship with the health care providers, people from farming profession were denied health care as they were not financially capable of paying the bills for their treatment (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). The major problem with the families seeking health care services for chronic conditions in rural areas is tha t they are either uninsured or underinsured (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, they avoid the treatment for chronic conditions unless it is an emergency (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). The lack of financial resources and sufficient insurance also make them to avoid getting health screening and preventive measures for chronic conditions (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, instead of getting under control, the lack of proper resources is leading to growth in the prevalence of chronic conditions. Lack Of Facilities There are many obstacles that people living in rural area face in taking advantage of the medical facilities. They cannot utilize the medical facilities due to lack of follow up facilities required for different kind of chronic condition treatments. A qualitative research, conducted to study the obstacles in implementation of lifestyle and pharmacological changes to improve the chronic condition of ischemic heart disease, found that the use of ACE inhibitors was not poss ible in case of rural patients as it required follow-up blood tests (Putnam, Twohig, Burge, Jackson, & Cox, 2004, p. 401) Unfortunately, people living in the rural area, who suffer from hypertension and congestive heart diseases, cannot use ACE inhibitors as they cannot get an easy access to the blood test facility. Similarly, the facilities for physical exercise are also not accessible to the

Teen Pregnancy in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teen Pregnancy in the United States - Essay Example The focus of the article then moves on to the steps that could be taken in order to ensure that this issue is dealt with in the most effective manner. It is seen that a multi-dimensional approach is necessary to find out the best solution to the problems related to teenage pregnancy in the United States. Not only there is the need for a more comprehensive educational plan, there is also the need to introduce programs that support the further education and the career of the adolescent mother. In addition, support is also necessary for the mother to understand how to raise the child. The article concludes by discussing the need for a combination of the programs so that there is a comprehensive method to prevent both teenage pregnancies and to support adolescent mothers. Adolescent pregnancy has become a social issue that attracts a very high level of attention because the United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy among the industrialized countries. The rate of teen pregnancy in the US is almost double of that of Great Britain and over 10 times that of Japan (unc.edu, 2005). Therefore, it is no longer an issue that concerns just the teenager and the family, but it has become a social issue that has larger implications and repercussions that has the local and national impact. The peak period for teenage pregnancies was during the early 1990s when the teenage birth rate was over 60 births per 1000 women. Over a period, this rate has come down slowly. During 2006, this number reduced to 41.9 births per 1000 women (guttmacher.org, 2006). Researchers feel that there are two main reasons for this high rate of teenage pregnancy. One is that the age of menarche is now much lower than what it has been before. This results in an increase in sexual activity without the awareness of its consequences at a much earlier age, resulting in teenage pregnancy (Kaplowitz, 2006).

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe and Stone Cold by Robert Swindells Essay Example for Free

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe and Stone Cold by Robert Swindells Essay Edgar Allan Poes The Tell Tale Heart, is about a man who wants to kill an old man, because the old mans eye freaks him out. After he killed the old man, he starts hearing the old mans heart beating, constantly under the floorboards, driving the man insane. The police come round to see what had happened, after one of his neighbours had heard a scream, he cracks under the pressure and shouts at the top of his voice to the police, as the beating of the heart get louder and louder. Although he can hear it extremely loudly in his ears the police cant hear it at all. So he tells the police what he had done. I think this is a clever way of expressing the mans insanity and it sets the scene well. Robert Swindells Stone Cold however is slightly different. At the beginning of Daily routine Orders 15, Shelter, who is insane, is laughing this shows that he is mad because he also does this at the end of the chapter. Ha, ha, ha. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha! Thats the sound of Shelter having the last laugh. is the first sentence. As you can see, it is slightly different from Edgar Allan Poe. One of the main reasons for this is that they were written nearly 200 years apart so The Tell Tale Heart will be a lot more formal, such as But why will you say that I am mad and Hearken! and observe how healthily, how calmly, I can tell you the whole story., whereas Stone Cold kind of uses colloquial language, such as Confront the enemy, Shelter old lad. No retreat. No surrender. So this is just one reason why they are different, but why are they the same. Well, they both have a murderer who is insane, and they both have something against the person or people they kill. If you did not know the titles or the authors of these two pieces you would know by the way they have been written that one was written many years ago as the English is very elegant and olde while the other is very modern. They are both similar as when the police arrive they are both trying to hide the fact that they have killed someone even though in Stone Cold he does not admit in this chapter that he has actually killed someone the reader just thinks he has. In Stone Cold, Shelter is cleverer than the man from The Tell-Tale Heart as he keeps his cool through-out very clever insane person, but Poes character has taken his time over his killing and finally at the end he cracks and admits that he has committed the crime. I found the Poe extract quite difficult to understand because Im not used to olde English but read a couple of times you get the understanding of it, where as Swindells extract was much easier to understand, as it is more recently written. Overall I thought both extracts where creative and enjoyable, even if it took a while to understand Poes.

International Space Station Essay -- essays research papers

International Space Station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The International Space Station, a worldwide project, is the next goal in a quickly growing space frontier. The station will be the first and next step towards researching the vast unknown world of outer space. What will be learned by this station? NASA has only the highest hopes that with the newest advancements in technology up in space, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes can be examined with the absence of gravity, because of the space station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The space station has been a long awaited project, as the first space station idea was drafted up in 1984. A resolution was made to place a permanent, livable space station in orbit. When President Ronald Reagan announced his 1984 State of the Union address, he included plans for a space station to be in orbit by the mid 1990’s. The idea of having an operable, livable, space station seemed to be inconceivable to everyone who heard that speech. As the ideas for this project began to take off, the main concern was money. How much funding would be necessary to construct a space station? At first, NASA could only work within the agency’s estimated $8.5 billion dollar budget. It was in 1984 when the first construction plan was unveiled, called “Freedom.'; A “power tower'; concept was designed, which is a long slender unit that would be the center of the entire structure. This tower would be a long, narrow piece of latticework, chosen for its stability and to avoid the use of every day thrusts to maintain its altitude. All the laboratory modules would then surround the “power tower.'; A free-flyer module would be used to conduct experiments in incessant, stable conditions away form the main tower structure. The “power tower'; concept required too many parts and shuttle missions for it to be completed. That would force the cost of the project to exceed NASA’s budget. The following year in 1985, a new, updated station concept was drafted. This was called the “dual keel'; concept, and included two vertical towers joined and braced together with three horizontal beams. This structure would allow four pressurized operable and livable modules to be placed around the central meeting points of the beams... ...on. A cooperative effort among 16 nations, the International Space Station will provide living quarters and science labs for long-term stays for up to seven astronauts. In building, operating, and performing research on the station, humanity will gather meaningful experience for future travels beyond Earth orbit. While the station is certain to teach us more about the human body in space, reactions to extended periods in zero gravity, and the effects of these experiments, nothing in this project is guaranteed. NASA is optimistic, but has planned for the worse. Helping the ESA construct three expendable space vehicles by 2003 that could carry and fly the entire station back to earth if needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But perhaps the most telling part about this space station is that once completed it will be the size of a city block and will be one of the brightest objects in the sky. That is still years away, but like all great structures ever built, this may be the most dangerous and expensive. The ISS will be a spectacular, challenging experience for us all, and the world can only wait to see what the International Space Station will bring back to the human civilization. International Space Station Essay -- essays research papers International Space Station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The International Space Station, a worldwide project, is the next goal in a quickly growing space frontier. The station will be the first and next step towards researching the vast unknown world of outer space. What will be learned by this station? NASA has only the highest hopes that with the newest advancements in technology up in space, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes can be examined with the absence of gravity, because of the space station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The space station has been a long awaited project, as the first space station idea was drafted up in 1984. A resolution was made to place a permanent, livable space station in orbit. When President Ronald Reagan announced his 1984 State of the Union address, he included plans for a space station to be in orbit by the mid 1990’s. The idea of having an operable, livable, space station seemed to be inconceivable to everyone who heard that speech. As the ideas for this project began to take off, the main concern was money. How much funding would be necessary to construct a space station? At first, NASA could only work within the agency’s estimated $8.5 billion dollar budget. It was in 1984 when the first construction plan was unveiled, called “Freedom.'; A “power tower'; concept was designed, which is a long slender unit that would be the center of the entire structure. This tower would be a long, narrow piece of latticework, chosen for its stability and to avoid the use of every day thrusts to maintain its altitude. All the laboratory modules would then surround the “power tower.'; A free-flyer module would be used to conduct experiments in incessant, stable conditions away form the main tower structure. The “power tower'; concept required too many parts and shuttle missions for it to be completed. That would force the cost of the project to exceed NASA’s budget. The following year in 1985, a new, updated station concept was drafted. This was called the “dual keel'; concept, and included two vertical towers joined and braced together with three horizontal beams. This structure would allow four pressurized operable and livable modules to be placed around the central meeting points of the beams... ...on. A cooperative effort among 16 nations, the International Space Station will provide living quarters and science labs for long-term stays for up to seven astronauts. In building, operating, and performing research on the station, humanity will gather meaningful experience for future travels beyond Earth orbit. While the station is certain to teach us more about the human body in space, reactions to extended periods in zero gravity, and the effects of these experiments, nothing in this project is guaranteed. NASA is optimistic, but has planned for the worse. Helping the ESA construct three expendable space vehicles by 2003 that could carry and fly the entire station back to earth if needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But perhaps the most telling part about this space station is that once completed it will be the size of a city block and will be one of the brightest objects in the sky. That is still years away, but like all great structures ever built, this may be the most dangerous and expensive. The ISS will be a spectacular, challenging experience for us all, and the world can only wait to see what the International Space Station will bring back to the human civilization.