Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Starting All Over essays

Starting from the very beginning papers Beam Bradburys the Martian Chronicles is a modern tale about space travel, intrusion and planet colonization. Breaking down characters in this twenty-eight-part novel is amazingly troublesome in light of the fact that each section incorporates various characters, which are arranged to frame the plot. Every part characters are utilized to show the establishing of the planet Mars, its colonization, the annihilation of Earth and nearly the entire human race, lastly the reconstructing of the human development on Mars. The story begins in the time of 1999 and finishes twenty after seven years in 2026. Beam Bradbury doesnt simply recount to his story from the perspective of the space voyagers and the colonizers, however from furious Martians who were attempting to slaughter the people or Martians later on who were simply having a discussion with a human about Mars, additionally individuals seeing the extraordinary provincial change occur. Commander Wilder was the skipper of the fourth endeavor to Mars from Earth. The three undertakings before had fizzled in light of the fact that either the Martians deceived and executed the earthlings or the earth individuals were thought of as intellectually sick and sent to a medical clinic on Mars. Later on in the story when there are towns on Mars, the not many Martians are not victimized on the grounds that the individuals on Mars were benevolent individuals who were looking for new things and seeing Martians was uncommon. Fortunately the minor human disorder, chicken pox, had murdered off the majority of the Martians incidentally. Chief Wilder and his group investigated the planet and reacted to Earth to state that the missions were effective, and with just a couple of confusions. Commander Wilder with his Crew of Jeff Spender, Hathaway, Sam Parkhill, Cheroke, Gibbs and a couple of other men help start to depict the subject of the story, by discovering Mars and seeing that it w as sheltered (this was in the start of the story, however in the last a few parts they a ... <!

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Essay

A pointless furor about a pointless subject is a play set in c1598 in England. The creator of this play, William Shakespeare has utilized different scholarly procedures to build and build up its characters. This exposition will investigate a portion of the procedures including tone, character-explicit discourse, sensational incongruity, monologue, and imagery that has been utilized by the creator to develop the characters of the play including Benedick, Beatrice, and Don John. Tone is one of the significant methods utilized by Shakespeare in this play, to show crowd the sort and conduct of characters. In the presentation of the play, Beatrice asks the delivery person who had come to convey a message that expressed that ruler Pedro is coming to Messina, if â€Å"Signior Montanto† (1. 1. 25) (deriding â€Å"Signior Benedick†) had come back from the fight. The tone of Beatrice utilized in this initial scene, gives crowd a thought that she may be a clever character. Beatrice, as in this scene, has a clever mentality in the vast majority of the scenes. A case of this is the place Leonato is conversing with Beatrice about her future spouse, where she expresses that a one who has a facial hair is â€Å"more than a youth† (2.1. 27) and he isn't for her, while one who has none is â€Å"less than a man† (2. 1. 38) and she isn't for him, inferring that there is no man that can turn into her better half. This shows Beatrice is a cruel character and can't be changed or satisfied so without any problem. The tone of Beatrice is normally explicit in the vast majority of the pieces of the play. Be that as it may, this is additionally valid for different characters in the play. This shows how tone can be utilized to explicitly perceive a character. Along these lines, it tends to be presumed that the creator has utilized Tone as one of the early methods in building and building up the characters, to tell the crowd about the characters’ character and conduct. A strategy that is utilized for the vast majority of the characters of the play is character-explicit discourse. Character-explicit discourse identifies with tone; it makes crowd acquainted with the manner in which a particular character talks and communicates his musings. Wear John is the character in the play that never changes his method of discourse. In the scene where Don John represents the first occasion when, he has a very villainy exchange where he states how â€Å"That youngâ start-up† (Don Pedro) â€Å"hath all the glory† of Don John’s â€Å"overthrow†, and if Don John can â€Å"cross him anyway†, he favors himself â€Å"every way† (1. 3. 48). Along these lines of discourse remains the equivalent at all the pieces of the play; â€Å"I am wiped out in disappointment to him, and at all comes athwart his friendship goes equitably with mine† (2. 2. 5). This procedure like tone, differentiates the discourse of characters to separate between the manners in which various characters think and carry on. It is utilized to cause characters to appear to be changed or like different characters; also called generalizing. In this manner, character explicit discourse makes crowd recognizable to the conduct and contemplations of a character, and is thusly utilized for developing characters. Emotional incongruity is another method utilized in this play gives crowd a review of the manner in which characters think in specific circumstances. Emotional incongruity, is a procedure that guides in creating characters for the most part by demonstrating the characters’ sentiments (that are not generally noticeable) towards something that they believe is genuine, yet just the crowd know whether it is valid (I. e. where in any event one character doesn’t recognize what the crowd know). A case of this is in a scene where Don Pedro, Leonato and different men were examining how Lady Beatrice â€Å"was in affection with Signior Benedick† (2. 3. 82). The sensational incongruity here is that Signior Benedick in this scene was covering up and catching the discussion, however doesn’t realize that he was being misdirected into accepting that Lady Beatrice is frantically infatuated with him. Since benedick gets deluded into accepting that Beatrice truly adores him, he at that point communicates his more profound emotions substantially more to the crowd as he says to himself that if Beatrice loves him, â€Å"it must be requited† (2.3. 183) and else he won't be. This shows emotional incongruity leads into building and creating characters, as sensational incongruity in a way permits crowd to outline and comprehend a character’s more profound musings/sentiments. Discourse is likewise a method that has been utilized like sensational incongruity by advancing the feelings of a character and having a diagram of his/her character/musings to help in building the character. Sensational incongruity is the place ‘there is something that a character doesn’t know, yet the crowd know about it’, though a speech is the place ‘the crowd recognize what a character is feeling yet different characters are not addressed’. A genuine case of a discourse is in the scene where benedick is addressing himself about how a man changes himself in the wake of beginning to look all starry eyed at. In the scene, benedick says how â€Å"One lady is reasonable, yet I am well; another is astute, yet I am well; another prudent, yet I am well† (2. 3. 21) yet except if there is a lady who has every one of the three characteristics, he will not go gaga for any lady. From this scene, it is seen that benedick has certain qualities that a lady ought to have, and that she is the lady he will begin to look all starry eyed at. As observed, talk makes the way for a character’s more profound emotions. These are sentiments that a character isn't probably going to state when different characters are available and tended to. This shows how monologue, like sensational incongruity, tells the crowd about a character’s profound contemplations/feelings. Another strategy that had been utilized was Symbolism. This procedure is available in numerous scenes all through the play. It has been utilized to cause the crowd to imagine and comprehend certain parts of the play. A case of this is in the scene where Beatrice gets misled by her cousin into accepting that â€Å"Benedick adores Beatrice so entirely† (3. 1. 37). In the scene Hero reveals to Margaret how it is useful for Benedick to overlook Beatrice as â€Å"Disdain and disdain ride sparkling† (3. 1. 51) in Beatrice’s eyes and â€Å"Mispricing† (3. 1. 52) all that they see. This was being said so to cause Beatrice to understand that her conduct was brimming with contempt and pride. As of now when the play was composed, ladies for the most part must be amenable when men are near. Notwithstanding, it is seen that Beatrice’s character doesn't comply with this standard, and her conduct is stood out from other ladies. In the presentation of the play, as found in the section that broke down â€Å"tone† as a procedure, Beatrice was a clever character. In spite of the fact that at the acquaintance tone was utilized with build up the character of Beatrice to be clever, it has additionally been rehashed all through the play. The reiteration of this reality has prompted represent Beatrice with the character of mind and mind itself. This shows how imagery has been utilized alongside tone and redundancy to develop characters of the play. The abstract methods broke down above show how they were utilized to develop characters and position crowd to leave the characters alone built inside their musings. Shakespeare has utilized different scholarly procedures including tone, character-explicit discourse, emotional incongruity, monologue, and imagery to legitimately and in a roundabout way build and build up the characters of the play Much Ado about Nothing. These procedures identify with one another inside the setting of building characters by different methods like giving characters an understanding of character’s considerations, telling crowd progressively about the character of characters and so forth. In this way these methods have been utilized in the play to make and build up the characters of the play. Book reference * Shakespeare, William. Female horses, F. H. ed. The New Cambridge Shakespeare †Much Ado About Nothing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print * n. p. â€Å"Glossary of Literary Terms† uncp. com. UNCP, n. d. Web. 22 Aug, 2010.

Sunday, July 26, 2020

Wonderful Wordle Richmond Writing

Wonderful Wordle Richmond Writing Wordle is one of several tag cloud   sites that can be fun to play with and may have useful potentials for writing and reading.   A tag cloud or word cloud image functions like a visual concordance that reveals word frequency through font size. Most of these sites have various tools for adjusting the image, font, orientation and number of words processed so that a variety of readings are possible. Heres a word cloud made from our WAC Program page that portrays writing as the foundation of a program involving curriculum, consultants and faculty. Other permutations of this image left the word writing looming ominously above the other words, perhaps suggesting a potentially crushing descent. And heres a word cloud I made with Maria Rajtiks newsletter submission Feedback: A Grade is more than a letter   Word clouds can also enhance literary discussion. One word cloud I made for Gilmans story The Yellow Wallpaper surprised me by demonstrating that the name of John was the most prominent word in the story even though the tale is about a woman being subjected to the rest cure of the celebrity Dr. Weir Mitchell. Others have been Presidential Inauguration speech word clouds to provide interesting insights into their rhetorical patterns and even the economic prognostications of Fed Chair Ben Bernanke have been fed into word cloud generators to see what comes out. This new digital tool could be usefully applied to famous speeches, editorial essays, mission statements and even personal writing. To create effective word clouds Smashing design magazine suggests a few good practices . Here is a word cloud of the first 100 words of The Richmond Promise A Word cloud of Sarah Palins Tea Party speech is revealing What texts come to your mind for word cloud analysis? Check out these other word cloud sites and start your own experiments: Free online word cloud generator TagCrowd Tagxedo Many Eyes

Friday, May 22, 2020

Organizational Issues Representing The Devil Wears s ...

Organizational Issues Represented in Film The Devil Wears Prada is a film released in 2006, starring Anne Hathaway as Andrea â€Å"Andy† Sachs, a young college graduate who applies to work at the prestigious fashion magazine, Runway to work for an iconic but ruthless editor in chief, Miranda Priestly, portrayed by Meryl Streep. Miranda is extremely demanding and unreasonable to work for. She employs harsh mannerisms, is highly critical, and condescending, creating a hostile environment that has every employee on edge with her mere presence. The lengths to which they go to, tells us she is a force to be reckoned with and she is in essence, â€Å"the devil who wears Prada.† It isn’t long before her excessive demands begin to take a toll on Andrea’s personal life, as she struggles to meet the unreasonable expectations of her new employer such as securing an unpublished copy of the unreleased Harry Potter book. Miranda possesses great power, status and influence yet Andrea detects her unhappiness. Mir anda’s deep-rooted unhappiness stems from many factors, such as her marriage ending, missing out on time with her twin daughters and implies she works so hard because the success of the corporation depends on her. Although it would appear on the surface, as if Miranda is trying to be challenge Andy, she is testing her abilities, as she sees herself in Andy. She also affords her opportunities when Andrea is able to come through for her, though never lets down her overpowering demeanor.Show MoreRelatedTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 PagesThese are the issues that Organization theory answers. As we all know, Organizational theory, encompasses the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people act within organizations. It encompasses the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. Some of the major ways of division are into modern, symbolic, and postmodern or micro organizational behavior—which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting and macroRead MoreBuilding the Emotional Intelligence of Groups6903 Words   |  28 Pages80 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW By now, most executives have accepted that emotional intelligence is as critical as IQ to an individual s effectiveness. But much of the important work in organizations is done in teams. New research uncovers what emotional intelligence at the group level looks like-and how to achieve it Building the Emotioncil Intelligence of Groups W by Vanessa Urch Druskat and Steven B. Wolff HEN MANAGERS EIRST STARTED HEARING ABOUT the concept of emotional intelligenceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesrespect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style ofRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Learning objectives Introduction Coming to terms with buyer behaviour Factors influencing consumer behaviour The buying decision process The rise of the new consumer and the implications for marketing planning Organizational buying behaviour The growth of relationship marketi ng Summary Appendix: The drivers of consumer change 6 Approaches to competitor analysis 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 Learning objectives Introduction Against whom are we competingRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesmagazines, Better fare offered by regional (5) women’s magazines 10 Writing and editing for magazines, special skills needed. Importance of the rewrite desk (4) 11 Role of Alternative media to deal with people’s issues. Scope for magazines devoted to environment and civic issues (4) Business Journalism- It’s all about Money! * Pink papers * The ‘pink papers’ refer to financial newspapers like the Economic Times, which are referredRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 PagesBRAND BUILDING BLOCKS Building Strong Brands: Why Is It Hard? It is not easy to build brands in today s environment. The brand builder who attempts to develop a strong brand is like a golfer playing on a course with heavy roughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful toRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesto reprint materials in this book provided that the reprint is for educational or other non-profit purposes and provided that the reprint contains a clear reference to the original material. Published in 2009 by IIIEE, Lund University, P.O. Box 196, S-221 00 LUND, Sweden, Tel: +46 – 46 222 02 00, Fax : +46 – 46 222 02 10, e-mail: iiiee@iiiee.lu.se. Printed by KFS AB, Lund. ISSN 1402-3016 ISBN 978-91-88902-46-7 Acknowledgements They say that the process of completing a PhD is a journey. For meRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages2009054318 www.mhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from bothRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages........... 19 CHAPTER 2 Claims, Issues, and Arguments .............................................................................. 23 What is a Statement?............................................................................................................................ 23 What is an Argument?......................................................................................................................... 25 What is the Issue?........................................

Friday, May 8, 2020

Why Animals Die Is Vital For Understand The Population

Summary Statistics regarding The time and place of when Animals die is vital to understand the population pronouncement. During migratory periods like winter, breeding, and also during migratory, the when and where animals die is important for us to understand population regulations. In migratory animals, mortality may prevail not only during the stationary periods but can also happen during the migrational seasons. But, the relative significance of population limiting factors during different periods of the year remains poorly understood, and previous studies mainly relied on indirect evidence. Here, we provide direct evidence about when and where migrants die by identifying cases of confirmed and probable deaths in three species of long-distance migratory raptors tracked by satellite telemetry. We show that mortality rate was about six times higher during migration seasons than during stationary periods. However, total mortality was surprisingly similar between periods, which can be explained by the fact that risky migration periods are shorter than safer stationary periods. Nevertheless, more than half of the annual mortality occurred during migration. We also found spatiotemporal patterns in mortality: spring mortality occurred mainly in Africa in association with the crossing of the Sahara desert, while most mortality during autumn took place in Europe. Our results strongly suggest that events during the migration seasons have an important impact on the populationShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl CohenRead MoreWhy Is First Nations Lived In Harmony With The Environment?959 Words   |  4 Pagesevery part of the animal as useful tools for the everyday life of the FN. Lastly, the progression in time for FN and their fight to protect the environment that is still happening today and can be seen in media of all types. Beaver fur was one of the most sought after materials for hundreds of years in Europe. It was used in all types of clothing and wasn’t replaced until the 1840’s when people used silk as a substitute. This obsession for beaver felt left the beaver population in shambles withRead MoreThe Importance of Wildlife Conservation1634 Words   |  7 Pagesto understand the importance of wildlife conservation. Why is wildlife so important? What steps need to be taken to preserve wildlife? How can one become involved in wildlife conservation? These are all important questions that need to be explored in order to help maintain the delicate ecosystem on Earth. Wildlife plays a vital role in this fragile ecosystem and without wildlife the human race would not survive. The initial step in wildlife conservation is understanding why wildlife is vital toRead MoreAnimal Cruelty, By Walt Disney1178 Words   |  5 Pagesa remote basin, watching the east grow bright, waiting for the first rays of warm sunshine to break through the trees and drive away the bitter cold of night.† Although some people think that hunting is animal cruelty, I believe that hunting is crucial to maintain the balance of animal population before they become over populated. Hunting in general is a broad topic so, I will be using deer as the main point. Walt Disney has had a hand in how hunters are portrayed. Bambi, released in 1942, portrayedRead MoreThe Nature Of Love As Described By Helen Fischer1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The evolution of love is ever changing. Its biochemical foundations and its vital importance to human society are informing and transforming the way we understand ourselves†. TED speaker Helen Fischer states that this expression known as love derives from three basic human neural happenings, sex drive, romantic love, and attachment. Once all of these stages fall into place within the brain, the phenomenon known as love occurs, according to Helen Fischer. The depth of it all depends on how deep,Read MoreIs Ocean Biodiversity Important?1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbiodiversity is the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat. Why is ocean biodiversity important and how does it play a role in our lives? Boris Worm, a marine research ecologist and associate professor at Dalhousie University in Canada, and his associates explains that, â€Å"local species richness enhance ecosystem productivity and stability†¦ marine ecosystems provide a wide variety goods and services, including vital food resources for millions of people, flood control and waste detoxification†Read MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesSheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue over a person’s quality of life. We will answerRead MoreMorality in Eating Meat1046 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve the animal has the right to live just as much as we (humans) do or simply because they feel they can obtain nutrients and nourishment an alternate way. For cattleman, chicken farm producers, slaughterhouses, and etc. whose livelihood depends on the producing livestock for the American people are advocates for the consumption of meat. Some classify these people as animal killers because they grow their livestock from start to finishing weight. Bu t for the non-ranches it’s hard to understand thatRead MoreSharks Is Not An Easy Task1685 Words   |  7 Pagesdolphins and turtles, who are also endangered, sharks are not cuddly cute creatures and are not generally appealing. It is hard to get a population behind a cause that they don’t understand. Sharks, to society, are the mean, mindless, vicious creatures portrayed by the media and old-wives tales and because of this, people don’t care whether or not they get killed. WHY ARE SHARKS BEING KILLED? Sharks are being killed for many different reasons. The practice of shark-finning and long-lining are the mostRead MoreThe Nature And Ecosystem Of The Ecosystem Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesmade of organisms which make us the intellect organism in the ecosystem. Since we are the intellect organism, this makes us responsible for the survival of nature and ecosystem. This generation has forgotten our ancestors once lived like all other animals in the ecosystem. They would hunt for food and rely on the land for water, shelter and other basic needs. Nevertheless with time men have evolved and slowly distance from nature. We seem to now think we no longer need nature or the ecosystem for

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Government Gave Too Much Power Free Essays

The issues involving the Virginia plan gave too much power to the national government have been a popular topic amongst scholars for many years. The Virginia plan was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. We will write a custom essay sample on Government Gave Too Much Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There are many factors which influenced the development of the Virginia plan that gave too much power to the national government. The Virginia plan gave too much power to the national government by all the plans James Madison formed to create a new form of government plan which are the Executive Branch, Judicial Branch, and Legislative Branch. I plan to examine each of these factors in detail and asses their importance. One major factor that influenced the development plan to give too much power to the national government is the Executive Branch that James Madison formed. The executive Branch would include the president and his cabinet. A quote that proves the Executive Branch that James Madison formed gave too much power to the national government is in the â€Å"A more perfect union† reading is â€Å"he studied different types of government to create a plan for a new form of federal government†¦ According to Madison’s plan, the Executive Branch would include the president and his cabinet. † This quote shows me that the branches James Madison formed were very powerful since it would include the present. Since including the present in the branch of course the Virginia plan gave too much power to the national government with the president involved. Another factor that influenced the development plan to give a lot of power to the national government is the Judicial Branch that James Madison created. The Judicial Branch was a branch that included the federal court systems. A quote that convinces me that the Judicial Branch created by James Madison was another factor that gave national government a lot of power is in the reading â€Å"A more perfect union† when written â€Å"the judicial branch would include the federal court systems. This quote convinces me that the Judicial Branch created by James Madison was compelling because the branch included the federal court systems. With the Judicial Branch the Virginia plan gave a lot of power to the national government because the federal court systems have power when it is the system of adjudication authorized by the US Constitution and established by Congress. The last factor that influenced the development plan to give a majority of power to the national government is the Legislative Branch that James Madison established. The Legislative Branch would be made up of two congressional houses and representations would be raised on each state population. A quote that declares that the Legislative Branch established by James Madison gave too much power to national governments is in the reading â€Å"A more perfect union† when said â€Å"The Legislative Branch would be made up of two congressional houses and representation would be based on each state’s population. This quote shows evidence that the Legislative Branch established by James Madison was very supreme. Since they had people from the congressional houses on there side obviously the Virginia plan gave a majority of there power to the national government because of the Legislative Branch established by James Madison. You can conclude that the Virginia plan gave to much power to the national governments. The Virginia Plan that was drafted by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 gave power to the national government by three branches of government established by James Madison. The Executive Branch, Judicial Branch, and Legislative Branch are the three branches created by James Madison that I believe gave too much power to the national government. How to cite Government Gave Too Much Power, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Medical Law Essay Example Essay Example

Medical Law Essay Example Paper Medical Law Essay Introduction In case a woman is extremely mentally retarded, English courts have allowed non-consensual sterilizations. However, the courts have balanced their stand points by recognizing the right of a woman to have a child as a basic right. In cases where the non-consensual sterilizations have assumed the role of a therapy, the courts have allowed non-consensual sterilizations. Still, through caution and watchfulness the justices have prevented non-consensual sterilizations from becoming coercive and successfully limited the involuntary sterilizations. To an extent, the application of the English law has depended on the application the courts with respect to non-consensual sterilisation. The application of non-consensual sterilization is used in case of mentally handicapped females. The courts have disallowed non-consensual sterilization of a mentally handicapped female in cases where she is likely to have the legal capacity to marry (Re D [1976] 1 All ER 326). Courts have allowed non-consensu al sterilizations only in those cases where it has been accepted that the female will not legally be able to enter into marriage (Jackson. J, 2006),. Medical Law Essay Body Paragraphs Similarly, in case the court can use its â€Å"parens patriae† powers and authorize the non-consensual sterilisation of a mentally handicapped young woman. This was done in L v. L’s Curator and Litem (1997 SLT 167). The extent to which the legal framework has been able to stop non-coercive sterilization depends on the decisions that have been taken by the English courts. In general there has been a number of cases in courts that have come up relating to learning disabilities where the need for non-consensual sterilisation have been debated in the court. In these cases the purpose of sterilization has been for contraception. The court has granted permission for sterilizations in some cases. (C. f. T v. T and another [1988] 1 All ER 613; In re B( A Minor)(Wardship: Sterilization) [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL)). What the court sees is the severity of the handicap and then decides. The moot point is that if there is a treatment of a mentally incapacitated woman, if the court feels tha t it is in the best interest of the woman to be sterilized then the courts have given their consent. Are these sterilizations coercive? This can only be ascertained by examining the assumptions made by the court regarding the interests in parenting or about the sexuality of the ‘mentally incapacitated persons’ If these assumptions are not backed by adequate evidence then we would need to re-examine the decisions of the court (Chinkin. C, 2006),. If these suppositions are backed by solid validation then we could conclude that non-consensual sterilizations were warranted and these sterilizations were not coercive. It is important the non-consensual sterilization should be coercive and strictly limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations because otherwise these will be viewed as a image of state oppression. In addition, this creates an impression that the state is somehow involved in the eugenics and the body politic exercises power over the choice of individuals (The Law Reform Commission 2005). The question that is related to non-consensual sterilizations is whether there is still any factor related to eugenics when the courts sanction non-consensual sterilizations for the mentally challenged. The very small number of instances when the court has permitted non-consensual sterilizations refutes this claim. In the UK there are a number of situations in which non-consensual sterilizations have been disallowed. For example in Re B. (a Minor) (Wardship: Sterilisation) (1987), [1988] 1 A. C. 199, [1987] 2 All E. R. 206 (H. L. ) [Re B. (H. L. ) cited to A. C. ] the Lordships ruled out that social or eugenic reasons can be used for non-consensual sterilizations. However, the judges allowed wardship jurisdiction to justify non-consensual sterilizations as it involved a seventeen-year old woman who had substantial mental difficulties. In this case her overseers felt that pregnancy at this point would lead to severe difficulties and other forms of contrac eption were ruled out. In such extreme cases non-consensual sterilizations are allowed by the law (Cook. R, Dickens. B Fathalla. M 2003). It seems that the law has been successful in avoiding coercive sterilizations and to limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations. During judgements it has been established that non-consensual sterilizations could be lawful only if it was in the best interests of the woman to become permanently sterilized (Mason, J. K. and McCall Smith, R. A. , 1994). In case of minor women the law gives wardship jurisdiction to the court, so that it can act in the best interests of the ward [1990] 2 A. C. 1 (H. L. ) [Re F. ]. In the application of the law it has been observed that the courts have been able to limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations and have acted as mediators between the individuals and society. There are two perspectives. From one standpoint, every individual has the right to protect his body from imposition, on the other hand pregna ncy and birth can affect the body of the individual and that may be against the interests of the person or the society. Originally the laws that were framed for non-consensual sterilizations had been written for protecting the interests of the society; however, the current use of these laws has been mainly to protect the interests of the individual. In other words, the law has been successful in avoiding coercive sterilizations because the law has allowed non-consensual sterilizations mainly to ensure bodily integrity of the woman. The one area where the UK courts have given permission for non-consensual sterilizations is where the mental condition of the woman is very grave. Now if the body should not be intruded, why should the courts allow non-consensual sterilizations? The explanation is that the woman’s body need medical treatment. The sterilization is characterized as a saving the woman. The woman cannot claim protection against intrusion if the intrusion into her body has been perceived as benevolent. The principles of dignity and freedom do not provide this protection. The ailment lies in the body of the woman whose reproductive ability is not under control. Once this characterization by the law is in place, then eliminating the threat of pregnancy is a liberating and empowering. However, the law has held that parents or guardians cannot give consent to surgical procedures for contraception on a mentally retarded person. In other words the therapeutic validity of the surgery should be established in court. The general principle that has been followed in UK courts is that physical integrity has been given greater importance than ‘right to be protected against pregnancy’. This has helped avoid coercive sterilizations and limit involuntary sterilizations. What has helped the law avoid coercive sterilizations and limit involuntary sterilizations is the recognition of the fact that non-consensual sterilizations is an irreversible operati on and takes away the fundamental human right of the woman to reproduce. The court should not take away this basic human right. However, the right to develop a family is dependent upon the court’s evaluation of the individual’s ability to appreciate that right. In this manner the court reserves the right to decide if the individual can comprehend the right to start a family. It is to be understood that the courts in UK have not asserted that non-consensual sterilizations are lawful. On the other hand the bodily integrity of the individual and freedom of the woman is perceived to have been enhanced by the sterilizations. The circumspection of the court prevents coercive sterilizations and limits involuntary sterilizations. The basic premises on which the English law was framed related to the belief that relating sterilizing women who were mentally disabled was advisable because they were inept at parenting and that the lives of the mentally disabled would be enhanced if they did not have parenting responsibilities. To sum, the English law has been able to avoid coercive sterilizations and strictly limit involuntary but non-coercive sterilizations. Where the woman has been found capable of marrying, the courts have not allowed non-consensual sterilizations. In addition, the courts have recognized the importance of inviolability of the woman’s body, her freedom and her right to found a family. This balanced perspective of the courts has ensured that coercive sterilizations are avoided and involuntary non-consensual sterilizations are limited to the minimum. References: Chinkin. C, (2006), Health and Human Rights, Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from: http://www. nuffieldtrust. org. uk/uploadedFiles/Grants/Chinkin_52-59. pdf. Cook. R, Dickens. B Fathalla. M (2003), Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, ethics, and Law, Oxford University Press. Jackson. J, (2006), Ethics in Medicine, Blackwell Publishing Mason, J. K. and M cCall Smith, R. A. , (1994) Law and Medical Ethics, (4th Ed), London, Butterworths, . The Law Reform Commission (2005) Consultation Paper on Vulnerable Adults an the Law: Capacity, Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from: http://www. lawreform. ie/files/Consultation%20Paper%20on%20Capacity%20_final%20version_. pdf We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Law Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Law Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Law Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer